Will flu vaccines be hard to find under the epidemic?

Release time:

2020-09-09

Will flu vaccines be hard to find under the epidemic?
Will flu vaccines be hard to find under the epidemic?
　　进入秋季，随着气温降低，秋冬流感疫苗的接种被不少民众提上了日程。新冠肺炎疫情背景下，今年的接种需求高于以往，“一针难求”的现象会出现吗？
　　多地陆续开打流感疫苗
　　每年11月到次年3月是流感高发季节。
　　由于流感疫苗接种后一般需要2到4周时间才能在人体产生具有保护水平的抗体，所以每年的9到10月，是流感疫苗的最佳接种时间段。
　　记者梳理发现，目前，全国已有不少省份的流感疫苗开打。
　　例如，甘肃省第一轮调度的6万支流感疫苗，8月底前已经接种结束。9月1日，山东省的首剂国产鼻喷流感减毒活疫苗也已完成接种。另外，北京也在8月就启动了2020-2021年流感疫苗采购招标工作。
　　从各地政策来看，今年，不少城市还针对一些特殊群体给出了优惠。
　　根据杭州市疾控中心近日发布的通告，明确杭州市70周岁以上老年人可免费接种流感疫苗。
　　襄阳市也宣布，9月至10月对全市各类学校学生、幼儿园儿童免费开展流感疫苗集中接种，10月底前完成儿童、学生预防接种证查验、补证、补种专项工作。
　　今年接种流感疫苗为何如此重要？
　　新冠肺炎疫情在全球蔓延，这也让今年秋冬季的流感防控格外引人关注。
　　据世卫组织今年的监测，北半球四大最流行的流感病毒毒株中已有三个发生变化。
　　今年8月，世界卫生组织官员就曾公开表示，由于新冠肺炎和流感病征难以区分，加上医疗资源有限，各国应提高流感疫苗的接种率，抵御流感、着重抗疫。
　　在国内，此前中国工程院院士、呼吸病学与危重症医学专家王辰等人均建议，最有效的预防办法是及时普遍接种流感疫苗，并较充分地扩大接种人群。
　　针对今年秋冬季的流感防控形势，疫苗专家陶黎纳在接受中新网记者采访时分析称，“流感病毒毒株变化目前都是属于预测，不意味着一定会流行这些毒株，目前看，虽然毒株每年有变化，但一般都是比较小的变化，如果真的预测到大变异，一定会严阵以待。”
　　陶黎纳强调，今年秋冬季，流感疫苗的接种之所以重要，主要考虑到两重因素：一是从整个疫情控制角度讲，患者如果接种过流感疫苗后再出现发热，则可以少考虑流感因素，减少对疫情判断的干扰；二是有证据表明，如果发生了新冠肺炎与流感的双重感染，症状会加重。
　　他表示，相较于其他种类的疫苗，流感疫苗的保护率相对较低，目前的流感疫苗保护率普遍在60%-70%，这也就意味着，要想形成群体保护，对疫苗的接种率要求很高。
　　接种需求增加，流感疫苗够用吗？
　　有统计数据显示，以往，国内流感疫苗接种率每年在2%左右，远不及一些西方国家的接种率。不过，今年受疫情影响，民众的接种意愿明显提升。
　　“去年只给家里的孩子打了流感疫苗，但是今年想全家都尽可能接种，希望这样可以减少点跑医院的风险。”北京市民陈女士在接受记者采访时表示，近期自己一直很关注北京市的流感疫苗开打时间，希望能尽早预约上。
　　甘肃省疾控中心免疫规划所所长张晓曙此前表示，今年甘肃省的接种高峰提前到来，新冠肺炎疫情影响是一个重要原因。
　　在上海，疾控部门初步预计，今年秋冬流感疫苗接种需求量将比往年增加50%左右。
　　在这样的大背景下，今年疫苗接种会否产生供需矛盾也成为关注焦点。
　　“疫苗的有效期只有一年，过去，企业每年生产的疫苗都有比较高的报废率，企业担心生产出的疫苗用不掉，因此不敢生产过多。”陶黎纳解释称，以往，专业人员很注重流感疫苗接种，但是公众的重视度不够，所以国内疫苗的接种情况并不理想，这也导致了企业产能不高。
　　不过，今年在疫苗供应方面，预计将较往年有大幅提升。
　　据中国食品药品检定研究院发布的生物制品批签发情况统计，截至9月8日，流感疫苗已累计批签发超1500万剂，包括三价流感疫苗、四价流感疫苗及新上市的冻干鼻喷流感减毒活疫苗三种。
　　此外，与去年相比，今年获流感疫苗批签发的企业数增至7家。
　　陶黎纳透露，从流感疫苗企业上报的信息来看，预计今年流感疫苗的批签发量至少比去年翻了一倍。但专家认为，会否有供不应求的现象，仍要看今年实际的接种需求量。
　　关于流感疫苗接种，这些要了解！
　　——优先接种流感疫苗的人群
　　原则上，6月龄及以上所有愿意接种流感疫苗并且没有禁忌证的人都可以接种流感疫苗。
　　推荐以下重点人群优先接种：6月龄-5岁的儿童；60岁及以上老人；慢性病患者；医务人员。
　　——流感疫苗的接种时机
　　通常接种流感疫苗2到4周后，产生具有保护水平的抗体，建议个人在流行季前完成接种，对流行季节前未接种的对象，整个流行季也可接种。
　　疫苗接种后保护作用可以维持6到8个月，随时间推移逐渐减弱，并且流感病毒易发生变异，因此建议每年接种流感疫苗。
　　——不同疫苗如何选择？
　　三价疫苗和四价疫苗所含毒株型别数量不同，四价流感疫苗比三价的多了一型，防护的范围较三价的更广，但三价疫苗更为经济实惠。
　　鼻喷疫苗属于新上市疫苗，工艺上属于减毒疫苗，疫苗内含有活病毒，通过鼻喷的形式接种，更加模拟自然感染的过程。
　　无论哪类疫苗，都对流感有预防作用，民众可以根据自己的实际需求来选择适合自己的流感疫苗。
　　——流感疫苗的保护率不是100%
　　流感疫苗的保护率不是100%，因此，打了流感疫苗也仍有可能得流感。
　　公众在秋冬季仍要注意保持良好的个人卫生习惯，包括：佩戴口罩、勤洗手、注意呼吸道礼仪(咳嗽或打喷嚏时用纸巾遮住口鼻)、开窗通风、均衡饮食、适量运动；在流感流行季节，高危人群尽量避免去人群聚集场所。

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